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All photographs and text by Ringo H.W. Chiu contained in this site are the exclusive property of Ringo H.W. Chiu, or as listed, and are protected under United States and International Copyright Laws. Other photographer's works used on this site is done so with their permission. The photographers appearing in this web site by contributing photographers are similarly copyright protected in their names. No photographs may be reproduced, copied, stored or manipulated for commercial, editorial or educational use without written permission of Ringo H.W. Chiu. No images within this site are in the public domain. Use of any image as the basis for another photographic concept or illustration is a violation of copyright.